Cooling of the Largest Magnet in the World at CERN By DR. BERTRAND BAUDOUY, CEA (FRENCH ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION) Modeling has proved invaluable in understanding and optimizing the processes cooling the superconducting magnets needed in the world’s most advanced particle accelerators, and COMSOL proves very attractive to researchers focused on the physics. Figure 1. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN. In high-energy physics it’s necessary to accelerate particles to incredible speeds while controlling their paths with extreme accuracy, and this is done with superconducting magnets. Their design is very complex, but various options can be examined and refined much more quickly with simulation software. Scientists at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) have also discovered that COMSOL Multiphysics provides a good complement to in-house codes. Largest Superconducting Magnets in the World One quite famous example comes from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (The European Organization for Nuclear Research), which is the world’s largest scientific experiment. Located 100 meters underground in parts of both Switzerland and France, this collider has a circumference of 27 km. To accelerate its subatomic particles to 99.99% of the speed of light, the LHC uses more than 8000 superconducting magnets cooled with liquid helium. The cryogenic distribution system that circulates superfluid helium around the accelerator ring keeps the LHC at -271.3 °C (1.9 K), colder even than outer space. The Accelerator, Cryogeny and Magnetism Division of CEA located in Saclay, France — which includes roughly 120 employees, 30 of whom are active with simulation — have made frequent use of simulation software in their development of magnets and the processes for cooling them. In particular, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) particle detector in the LHC includes the largest superconducting magnets in the world, externally cooled with coils that carry two-phase helium operating at 4.2 K. They use natural convection to eliminate a pressurization system and the associated pumps with their costly maintenance and operation at low temperatures. This magnet, 7 meters in diameter and 12.5 meters long, consists of five independent modules, each cooled indirectly through a network of parallel tubes soldered onto the magnet casing. The modules are supplied with liquid helium through downward tubes from a reservoir that also serves as a phase separator. The high current density of superconducting magnets makes it feasible to build them with the necessary magnetic field strength in a reasonable amount of space and with moderate energy consumption. Running the LHC requires 50 MW, half of this alone for the cryogenics system, and obtaining the precise cooling required is no easy task. Engineers must come up with designs that minimize the use of liquid helium, where the total helium inventory for the LHC is 700,000 liters, which equates to 2.6 million euros.
For large detector magnets like those used in the CMS, the internal cooling has to be designed very carefully to ensure a proper cooling during normal operation as well as for scenarios such as quenching the magnet. Many variables come into play: the sizing and placement of the cooling tubes as well as the mass flow and pressure of the helium in the loops. I wanted to investigate the cooling cycle with software that I could easily understand and experiment with as a complement to our highly specialized inhouse code. I was delighted when I discovered COMSOL because with it I can see the physics rather than hundreds of lines of C or FORTRAN code. It is very easy to use and shows the physics immediately. You can use and modify the equations in the various modules or, as I did, enter your own equations. Meanwhile, I have become a true convert to COMSOL and people in my institute are calling me from other labs to ask about my experiences and how they might put it to use in their applications. Figure 2. A photo of the small scale cooling loop (left) and a diagram illustrating its components (center). On the right are results from the 1D model show the temperature and vapour quality throughout the loop: 1- liquid helium tank; 2-downward and bottom pipe; 3-upward pipe. Design Improvements to Come To get a deeper understanding of the helium two-phase thermosiphon open loop so as to optimize it for future projects, our group built a scale model where the test loop is 2 meters instead of 6 meters (Figure 2). To validate the concept we then simulated its operation with COMSOL Multiphysics and our results agreed very closely with the experiment. Now I have a tool that allows me to modify this loop for many other applications such as enlarging the loop or changing the geometry as well as modifying the effects of friction. Even better, I can now design the cooling tubes for a superconducting magnet in a week or so, work that previously took two to three months. My next step is to further expand the model to simulate a closed-loop cryocooler where the vapor is recondensed, which will allow the loops to be much smaller. The work done in COMSOL Multiphysics will be extremely valuable in our current projects, just one being the development of the R3B superconducting magnet at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Darmstadt, Germany. At its heart is a superconducting synchrotron double-ring facility with a circumference of about 1100 m, and it is planned for completion in 2011. Its cryogenics system is likewise based on the thermosiphon loop concept used in the CMS magnet but with horizontal cooling tubes. [img=Dr. Bertrand Baudouy is a research scientist at the Accelerator, Cryogenics and Magnetism Division of CEA (the French Atomic Energy Commission.]http://www.comsol.com/shared/images/stories/cern_cooling_largest_magnet/html/author.jpg[/img] About the Author Dr. Bertrand Baudouy is a research scientist at the Accelerator, Cryogenics and Magnetism Division of CEA (the French Atomic Energy Commission), and he is currently leading the R&D activities in the Cryogenics Laboratory. |
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